Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents x i
RAMA SARMA’S
COMMENTARY ON INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY LAWS WITH MODEL AGREEMENT
EDITION 2009
VOLUME 2
CONTENTS
PART VIII
THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957
CHAPTER 1
PRELIMINARY
1.1 History of Copyright .................................................................................1614
1.2 British Copyright Law ...............................................................................1614
1.3 What is Intellectual Property Law? ...........................................................1615
1.4 Concept of Intellectual Property ...............................................................1616
1.5 Modern Copyright Law ............................................................................1617
1.5.1 Statutory Right ..........................................................1617
1.6 Functions of Copyright System ................................................................1617
1.7 Copyright vests in the original work ........................................................1618
1.8 Remedies in Copyright Act ......................................................................1619
1.9 Copyright Protection in India ...................................................................1619
1.10 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 1886 (Paris Act of 1971) ............................................................1620
1.11 Universal Copyright Convention, The Geneva Act, 1952 .....................1620
1.12 Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (Trips Agreement) 1994 ..............................................................1620
1.13 WIPO Copyright Treaty 1996 .................................................................1622
1.14 Special Conventions in the Field of Neighbouring Rights ......................1623
1.15 Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms against the unauthorised duplication of their Phonograms 1971 (Geneva Phonograms Convention) .......................................................................1624
1.16 Wipo Performances and Phonogram Treaty 1996 (WPPT) ..................1624
1.17 Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme - Carrying
Signals Transmitted By Satellite (Brussels Satellite Con-vention)1974 .1625
xii Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents
1.18 Development of Copyright Regime in India ...........................................1625
1.18.1 Indian Copyright Act, 1847 and the Imperial Copyright Act, 1911 .........................................................1625
1.18.2 The Copyright Act, 1914 .........................................................1625
1.19 The Copyright Act, 1957 (14 of 1957) ....................................................1626
S. 1. Short title, extent and commencement ........................................1626
S. 2. Interpretation .................................................................................1626
S. 3. Meaning of Publication .................................................................1631
- Copies of the work ......................................................................1632
- “Publication” ...............................................................................1632
- “Sufficient Quantities” .................................................................1632
- Work not deemed to be published or performed in public ....1632
- Meaning of Publication ...............................................................1632
- Proof of Publication ....................................................................1632
S. 4. When work not deemed to be published or performed in public ..............................................................................1633
S. 5. When work deemed to be first published in India ............1634
S. 6. Certain disputes to be decided by Copyright Board ........1635
S. 7. Nationality of Author where the making of unpublished work is extended over considerable period .....................1635
S. 8. Domicile of Corporation ......................................................1636
1.20 Amendments in the Copyright Act ..........................................................1636
CHAPTER 2 COPYRIGHT OFFICE AND COPYRIGHT BOARD
2.1 Section 9 to 12 deals with function of the copyright board, their qualification, terms and conditions ......................................................................1639
S.9. Copyright Office ..................................................................1639
S.10. Registrar and Deputy Registrars of Copyrights .................1639
S.11. Copyright Board ..................................................................1639
2.2 Constitution of the Copyright Board .......................................................1640
2.3 Qualifications, Terms and Conditions of the Chairman and Members of the Copyright Board .....................................................................................1640
2.4 Functions of the Secretary of the Copyright Board ................................1641
S. 12. Powers and Procedure of Copyright Board ......................1641
CHAPTER 3 COPYRIGHT
3.1 Section 13 to 16 deals with list of work under which
copyright subsist ......................................................................................1643 S. 13. Works in which copyright subsists ......................................1643
3.2 Works in which copyright subsists ...........................................................1644
3.2.1 Registration not a prerequisite .............................................1645
3.2.2 Ideas and opinion not a subject of copyright .....................1645
3.3 Copyright on work before publication .....................................................1645
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents xiii
3.4 Original work .............................................................................................1646
3.5 Original result from old ideas ...................................................................1646
3.6 Fundamental facts may not be subject of Copyright ..............................1646
3.7 Improvement and adaptation ...................................................................1647
3.8 No copyright in idea or opinion ...............................................................1647
3.9 Colourable variation-may infringe copyright .........................................1648
3.10 Copyright is conferred only upon authors ...............................................1648
3.11 ‘Originated’ from the author .....................................................................1648
3.12 Whether labels are copyrightable .............................................................1648
3.13 Infringement of registered trademark-injunction granted .....................1648
3.14 Suit for infringement of Copyright-maintainability ................................1649
3.15 Vesting of Copyright in Cinematograph Film .........................................1649
3.16 Registration of Copyright-infringement thereof .....................................1649
3.17 Benefit of Sec. 34 of Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 ............1649
S. 14. Meaning of Copyright .........................................................1649
S. 15. Special Provisions Recording Copyright in Designs Registered or Capable of being registered under the
[* * *] Designs Act, 1911 ...............................................1651
S. 16. No Copyright except as provided in this Act ....................1651
3.18 Oral Communication of contents .............................................................1651
3.19 Letters .........................................................................................................1652
3.20 Lecture ........................................................................................................1652
3.21 Private use not publication ........................................................................1652
3.22 Disclosure may not be allowed-based on relation .................................1653
3.23 Confidential Communication ....................................................................1653
3.24 Manuscript and implied warranties ...........................................................1653
3.25 Requirements of the Section .....................................................................1654
CHAPTER 4 OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT AND THE RIGHTS OF THE OWNER
4.1 This chapter deals with ownership of copyright and the rights of the owners in section 17 to 21 of the Act ....................................................1656
S. 17. First Owner of Copyright ....................................................1656
4.2 Objects of ...................................................................................................1658
4.3 First Owner of Copyright ..........................................................................1659
4.4 First Registration-A Presumption of Creator ..........................................1659
4.5 Registration of Copyright-Whether Confers Rights ..............................1660
4.6 Software-Intellectual Property-Marketable Commo-dity .....................1660
4.7 Slavish imitation of plaintiff’s compilation-injunction granted ...............1661
4.8 Clause (C)-In the Course of the Author’s Employment ........................1661
4.8.1 First owner in case of cinematograph film ..........................1663
4.9 First Owner of Examination Paper ...........................................................1663
4.10 First Owner of Photograph .......................................................................1664
4.11 If negative with photographer ...................................................................1665
4.12 Purchase of Publication Rights .................................................................1666
4.13 Music for drama ........................................................................................1666
xiv Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents
4.14 Orchestra in music hall ..............................................................................1667
4.15 Vesting of Copyright in Employer ...........................................................1667
4.16 Joint Venture-Vesting to Copyright ........................................................1667
4.17 Contract of Service ....................................................................................1668
4.18 Consideraton of service .............................................................................1670
4.19 Contract of service and Contract for service ..........................................1670
4.20 Cartoonist is an Author and is entitled to the Copyright .......................1671
4.21 Work by employee, not in service ............................................................1671
4.22 Proviso (A)-“Employment by the Proprietor of a Newspaper, Magazine or similar periodical” ..............................................................1672
4.23 Headnotes and Marginal Notes ................................................................1673
4.23.1 Payment for service-As proof of employment ..................1673
4.24 Regular Staff Members ..............................................................................1674
4.25 Collective Work .........................................................................................1674
4.26 Extracts from Newspaper ..........................................................................1674
4.27 Letters to Editor of Newspaper .................................................................1675
4.28 Photographs, Prints and Advertisment ....................................................1675
4.29 Clause (B)-“For Valuable Consideration....” ...........................................1676
4.30 Music or Lyric Composer in Films ...........................................................1677
4.31 Proviso (C)-“The Employer shall be the First Owner” .........................1677
4.32 In Respect of a work “Author” and “Employer” cannot be both the same person .............................................................................................1677
4.33 Examination papers ....................................................................................1678
4.34 Conditions may be imposed .....................................................................1680
4.35 Clause (CC)-Copyright in address or speech ........................................1681
4.36 Clause (D)-Government as First Owner .................................................1681
4.37 Law in England ..........................................................................................1683
4.38 Certain Universities ....................................................................................1684
4.38.1 Public undertakings as first owner ......................................1684
4.39 International Organisations as First Owners ............................................1685
S. 18. Assignment of Copyright ....................................................1685
4.40 Assignment of Copyright ..........................................................................1686
4.41 Assignment-Meaning of ...........................................................................1686
4.42 Assignment or a grant of permission to use-Beneficial interest in movable property, although strictly not an actionable claim ...............1686
4.43 Copyright and Object of Copyright-Distinction ....................................1687
4.44 Assignment of literary work-not a waiver of copyright .........................1688
4.45 Benefit of Copyright ..................................................................................1688
4.45.1 Claim of Copyright-Definite specific details required ......1689
4.45.2 Partial assignment .................................................................1689
4.46 Equitable Assignment ................................................................................1695
4.47 Prospective owner of the Copyright in future work ................................1695
4.47.1 Publishing agreement and assignment .....................................1696
4.48 Test of Assignment .......
..............................2586
8. Online issues .........................................................................2586
JAPAN ....................................................................................................................2586
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2586
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2587
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2588
4. Procedures ............................................................................2590
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2592
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2594
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2594
8. Online issues .........................................................................2595
KOREA: ........................................................................... 2595
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2595
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2596
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2597
4. Procedures ............................................................................2598
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2601
6. Ownership changes - legalization requirements ..................2602
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2603
8. Online issues .........................................................................2603
MALAYSIA: ...................................................................... 2603
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2603
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2604
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2605
4. Procedures ............................................................................2606
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2608
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2609
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2610
8. Online issues .........................................................................2610
MEXICO:.......................................................................... 2611
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2611
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2611
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2612
4. Procedures ............................................................................2612
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2614
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2617
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2617
8. Online issues .........................................................................2618
PAKISTAN: ...................................................................... 2618
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2618
xxxii Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2619
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2619
4. Registered marks ..................................................................2620
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2623
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2625
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2625
8. Online issues .........................................................................2625
PHILIPPINES: ................................................................... 2626
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2626
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2626
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2627
4. Procedures ............................................................................2628
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2629
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2631
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2631
8. Online issues .........................................................................2632
POLAND: ......................................................................... 2632
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2632
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2632
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2633
4. Procedures ............................................................................2635
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2637
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2638
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2638
8. Online issues .........................................................................2639
PORTUGAL: ..................................................................... 2639
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2639
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2640
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2640
4. Procedures ............................................................................2641
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2642
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2643
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2645
8. Online issues .........................................................................2646
ROMANIA: ....................................................................... 2646
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2646
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2647
3. egistered marks ....................................................................2647
4. Procedures ............................................................................2649
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2651
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2652
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2653
8. Online issues .........................................................................2653
SERBIA & MONTENEGRO:................................................. 2654
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2654
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents xxxiii
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2654
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2655
4. Procedures ............................................................................2656
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2657
6. Ownership changes - legalization requirements ..................2658
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2658
8. Online issues .........................................................................2658
SINGAPORE: .................................................................... 2658
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2658
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2659
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2660
4. Procedures ............................................................................2662
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2664
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2665
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2666
8. Online issues .........................................................................2666
SOUTH AFRICA: ............................................................... 2667
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2667
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2667
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2668
4. Procedures ............................................................................2671
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2672
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2673
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2673
8. Online issues .........................................................................2674
SPAIN: ....................................................................................................................2674
I. Legal framework ..................................................................2674
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2675
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2676
4. Procedures ............................................................................2678
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2680
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2681
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2682
8. Online issues .........................................................................2682
SWITZERLAND: ............................................................... 2682
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2682
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2683
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2683
4. Procedures ............................................................................2685
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2686
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2688
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2688
8. Online issues .........................................................................2689
UK: ....................................................................................................................2689
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2689
xxxiv Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2690
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2690
4. Procedures ............................................................................2692
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2693
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2694
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2694
8. Online issues .........................................................................2695
UNITED STATES:.............................................................. 2696
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2696
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2697
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2698
4. Procedures ............................................................................2698
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2700
6. Ownership changes-‘legalization requirements ..................2701
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2701
8. Online issues .........................................................................2702
VENEZUELA: ................................................................... 2703
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2703
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2703
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2704
4. Procedures ............................................................................2706
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2708
6. Ownership changes - legalization requirements ..................2710
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2711
8. Online issues .........................................................................2711
VIETNAM:........................................................................ 2712
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2712
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2713
3. Registered trademarks .........................................................2714
4. Procedures ............................................................................2714
5. Enforcement .....................................................................................................................1697
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents x v
4.49 Contractual Relationship ...........................................................................1698
4.50 Author-not to reproduce similar work ....................................................1698
4.51 Royalty Contracts ......................................................................................1698
4.52 Publishing Agreement ...............................................................................1698
4.53 Author may bind himself of Special Provision ........................................1699
4.54 Assignment and Licence ...........................................................................1700
4.55 Words used in Agreement decisive .........................................................1700
4.56 No Express Word-No Assignment ........................................................
ing the International
Registration ..............................................................................................2775
Article 1-Membership in the Madrid Union ..........................................................2776
Article 2-Securing Protection through International Registration ..........................2776
Article 3-International Application ...........................................................................2777
Article 3bis-Territorial Effect ....................................................................................2778 xxxviii Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents
Article 3ter-Request for “Territorial Ext-ension” .....................................................2778
Article 4-Effects of International Registr-ation ........................................................2778
Article 4bis-Replacement of a National or Regional Registration by an Inter-national Registration .......................................................................2779
Article 5-Refusal and Invalidation of Effects of International Registration in Respect of Certain Contracting Parties ..................................................2779
Article 5ter-Copies of Entries in International Register; Searches for Anticipation’s; Extracts from International Register ..............................2781
Article 6-Period of Validity of International Registration; Dependence and Independence of International Registration ..........................................2781
Article 7-Renewal of International Registration ......................................................2782
Article 8-Fees for International Application and Registration ................................2782
Article 9-Recordal of Change in the Own-ership of an International Registration ..............................................................................................2783
Article 9bis-Recordal of Certain Matters Concerning an International Registra-tion .............................................................................................2783
Article 9ter-Fees for Certain Recordals ...................................................................2784
Article 9quarter-Common Office of Several Contracting States ............................2784
Article 9quinquies-Transformation of an International Registration into National or Regional Applications ..........................................................2784
Article 9sexies-Safeguard of the Madrid (Stockholm) Agreement ........................2784
Article 10-Assembly .................................................................................................2785
Article 11-International Bureau ................................................................................2786
Article 12-Finances ....................................................................................................2786
Article 13-Amendment of Certain Articles of the Protocol ...................................2786
Article 14-Becoming Party to the Pro-tocol-Entry into Force ..............................2787
Article 15-Denunciation ............................................................................................2788
Article 16-Signature; Languages; Deposi-tory Functions ........................................2788
PART XIV
DISPARAGEMENT
ON TRADEMARK LAWS
Introduction ................................................................................................................2790
Generic Disparagement ..............................................................................................2791
Whether Use of a Trademark in Comparative Advertising Constitutes
Infringement Of Trademark? .................................................................2793
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................2793
Case Laws on Disparagement ....................................................................................2793
1996 (16) PTC 393 (Del)-High Court of Delhi ......................................................2793
1999 (19) PTC 741-High Court of Calcutta ..........................................................2800
2003 (26) PTC 535 (Del)-High Court of Delhi ......................................................2808
2004 (29) PTC 401 (Del)-High Court of Delhi ......................................................2813
2005 (31) PTC 1 (Del)-High Court of Delhi ..........................................................2824
2006 (32) PTC 332(MRTPC-Del)-Monopolies & Restrictive Trade Practices
Commission, New Delhi ........................................................................2835
2001 (21) PTC 699 (Del)-High Court of Delhi ......................................................2845
2004 (29) PTC 1 (Del)-High Court of Delhi ..........................................................2868
2004 (29) PTC 401 (Del)-High Court of Delhi ......................................................2873
2006 (32) PTC 307 (Del)-High Court of Delhi ......................................................2884
2006 (32) PTC 677(Del)-High Court of Delhi .......................................................2896
ered marks ..................................................................2704
4. Procedures ............................................................................2706
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2708
6. Ownership changes - legalization requirements ..................2710
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2711
8. Online issues .........................................................................2711
VIETNAM:........................................................................ 2712
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2712
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2713
3. Registered trademarks .........................................................2714
4. Procedures ............................................................................2714
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2715
6. Ownership changes legalization requirements ....................2716
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2716
8. Online issues .........................................................................2717
PART XI
TRADE MARK IN SINGAPORE
Introduction ................................................................................................................2720
Rights Conferred by a Registered Trade Mark .......................................................2720
Other Marks ...............................................................................................................2720
Certification Mark ......................................................................................................2720
Collective Mark ..........................................................................................................2720
Marks used by Government Agencies (Rule 13) .....................................................2721
Benefits of Trade Mark Registration .........................................................................2721
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents xxxv
When to File ................................................................................................................2721
Priority Claim .............................................................................................................2721
Registrable Marks .......................................................................................................2721
Classification of Goods and Services ........................................................................2721
Unregistrable Marks ...................................................................................................2722
Identifying a Registered Trade Mark .......................................................................2723
Not Registering a Trade Mark ..................................................................................2723
Trade Marks ...............................................................................................................2723
Ownership and Rights ................................................................................................2723
Entitlement to a Trade Mark .....................................................................................2724
Term and Renewals ....................................................................................................2724
Trade Marks ...............................................................................................................2724
Ownership and rights: ................................................................................................2724
Proper and Continous Use ........................................................................................2724
Proper and Continous Use ........................................................................................2724
Infringement ...............................................................................................................2725
Well Known Marks .....................................................................................................2725
Enforcement ................................................................................................................2726
Falsely Representing Trade Marks as Registered .....................................................2727
Trade Marks and Internet Domain Names ..............................................................2727
Trade Marks ...............................................................................................................2727
Application Process ....................................................................................................2727
Filing an Application ...................................................................................................2728
Priority Claim .............................................................................................................2728
Address for Service ....................................................................................................2728
Estimated Processing Time ........................................................................................2728
Forms and Fees ...........................................................................................................2729
Application Submission ..............................................................................................2729
Business Hours ............................................................................................................2729
Payment Hours ...........................................................................................................2729
e-TradeMarks ..............................................................................................................2729
Process after Submission ............................................................................................2730
Formalities Examination .............................................................................................2730
Search ....................................................................................................................2730
Examination ................................................................................................................2731
Publication ..................................................................................................................2731
Opposition ...................................................................................................................2731
Summaries of the recent hearing decisions FAQ : How do I oppose the
registration of a trade mark? ..................................................................2731
After Registration .......................................................................................................2731
Trade Marks ...............................................................................................................2732
Notices and Information: ...........................................................................................2732
Mark Numbers Preceded by the Letter “L” ............................................................2737
Multiple Classes ..........................................................................................................2737
xxxvi Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents
Representation of Marks ............................................................................................2737
Series Clause ...............................................................................................................2737
Question: Is the claim to priority (application filed in country A) in the
Singapore application valid? ...................................................................2738
Validity of Priority Claims .........................................................................................2739
Trade Marks (Amendment) Rules 2005 ...................................................................2741
Trade Marks (International Registration) (Amendment) Rules 2005 .....................2742
Amendment of Trade Mark Forms ..........................................................................2742
Trade Marks (Amendment) Act 2007 (Act No. 3/2007) ........................................2743
Some of the key amendments include ......................................................................2743
Division of an application for registration .................................................................2743
Relief Measures for Procedural Oversight ................................................................2743
Registration of Licence of Pending Trademarks ......................................................2743
Cautionary Notice on Unsolicited Mail about Unofficial Registration Services
(Circular No. 13/2007, dated 11 April 2007) ........................................2743
Translation of Non-English words (Circular No. 17/2007, dated 7 May 2007) .....2744
(B) Pertaining to Collective and Certification Marks ...............2744
(C) Pertaining to Forms ..............................................................2744
(D) Pertaining to e-Trademarks .................................................2745
(E) Pertaining to International Applications and Registrations
under the Madrid Protocol ...............................................2746
(F) Pertaining to the Classification of Goods and Services .....2748
Compliance with the International Classification of Goods and Services ...............2749
Precedents in Support of Specification ......................................................................2749
Vague descriptions in specifications ..........................................................................2750
Club [dining] services ................................................................................................2750
Consultancy Services ..................................................................................................2751
Desserts ....................................................................................................................2751
Executor services ........................................................................................................2751
Mail order services .....................................................................................................2751
Provision of information for business or domestic purposes in Class 38 ...............2751
Provision of user access time to the global computer network ...............................2752
Information on specific items .....................................................................................2752
Storage of data, information or documents ..............................................................2753
Provision of news ........................................................................................................2754
Interior decoration services (Circular No. 22/2006, dated 7 July 2006) ................2757
WIPO’s Recommendation No. 19 (Circular No. 25/2006,
dated 16 August 2006) ...........................................................................2757
WIPO’s Recommendation No. 20 (Circular No. 25/2006,
dated 16 August 2006) ...........................................................................2757
Trade Marks ...............................................................................................................2758
Classification of Goods and Services ........................................................................2758
Supplemental ICGS List .............................................................................................2758
Classes of Goods ........................................................................................................2758
Classes of Services ......................................................................................................2761
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents xxxvii
PART XII
THE COMMUNITY TRADE MARK
Introduction ................................................................................................................2762
Salient Features and Advantages of a Community Trademark ..............................2763
Single Registration Covers Twenty-Five Countries ..................................................2763
Classification of Goods and Services ........................................................................2763
Applicants ....................................................................................................................2763
Claiming Priority ........................................................................................................2763
Link with the Madrid Protocol ..................................................................................2763
Official Languages ......................................................................................................2763
Claiming the Seniority of a Trade mark Previously Registered in a Member
Country ....................................................................................................2764
Examination of Applications ......................................................................................2764
Search Reports ............................................................................................................2764
Oppositions .................................................................................................................2764
Appeals 2765
Converting an Application for a Community Trademark Registration into
National Applications ..............................................................................2765
Term ....................................................................................................................2765
Assignability and Licensing of Community Trademark Registrations ...................2765
Use Requirements .......................................................................................................2765
Courts Hearing Trademark Disputes Involving Community Registrations ...........2766
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................2766
PART XIII
MADRID SYSTEM FOR THE INTERNATIONAL
REGISTRATION OF MARKS
Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks ....................................2768
Introduction ................................................................................................................2768
Who Can Use The Protocol System? .......................................................................2768
Protocol Member Countries ......................................................................................2768
Making an Application ...............................................................................................2769
Fees ....................................................................................................................2769
The Registration Procedure .............................................................................
..................... 2558
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2558
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2559
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2560
4. Procedures ............................................................................2560
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2562
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2564
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2565
8. Online issues .........................................................................2565
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2565
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2566
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2567
4. Procedures ............................................................................2568
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2570
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2571
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2571
8. Online issues .........................................................................2571
ITALY: ....................................................................................................................2572
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2572
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2573
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2573
4. Procedures ............................................................................2574
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2576
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2578
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2578
8. Online issues .........................................................................2579
JAMAICA: ........................................................................ 2579
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2579
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2580
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents xxxi
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2580
4. Procedures ............................................................................2582
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2585
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2586
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2586
8. Online issues .........................................................................2586
JAPAN ....................................................................................................................2586
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2586
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2587
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2588
4. Procedures ............................................................................2590
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2592
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2594
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2594
8. Online issues .........................................................................2595
KOREA: ........................................................................... 2595
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2595
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2596
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2597
4. Procedures ............................................................................2598
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2601
6. Ownership changes - legalization requirements ..................2602
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2603
8. Online issues .........................................................................2603
MALAYSIA: ...................................................................... 2603
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2603
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2604
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2605
4. Procedures ............................................................................2606
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2608
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2609
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2610
8. Online issues .........................................................................2610
MEXICO:.......................................................................... 2611
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2611
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2611
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2612
4. Procedures ............................................................................2612
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2614
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2617
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2617
8. Online issues .........................................................................2618
PAKISTAN: ...................................................................... 2618
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2618
xxxii Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2619
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2619
4. Registered marks ..................................................................2620
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2623
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2625
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2625
8. Online issues .........................................................................2625
PHILIPPINES: ................................................................... 2626
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2626
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2626
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2627
4. Procedures ............................................................................2628
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2629
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2631
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2631
8. Online issues .........................................................................2632
POLAND: ......................................................................... 2632
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2632
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2632
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2633
4. Procedures ............................................................................2635
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2637
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2638
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2638
8. Online issues .........................................................................2639
PORTUGAL: ..................................................................... 2639
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2639
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2640
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2640
4. Procedures ............................................................................2641
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2642
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2643
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2645
8. Online issues .........................................................................2646
ROMANIA: ....................................................................... 2646
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2646
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2647
3. egistered marks ....................................................................2647
4. Procedures ............................................................................2649
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2651
6. Ownership changes-legalization requirements ...................2652
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2653
8. Online issues .........................................................................2653
SERBIA & MONTENEGRO:................................................. 2654
1. Legal framework ..................................................................2654
Commentary on Intellectual Property Laws, etc.-Contents xxxiii
2. Unregistered marks ..............................................................2654
3. Registered marks ..................................................................2655
4. Procedures ............................................................................2656
5. Enforcement .........................................................................2657
6. Ownership changes - legalization requirements ..................2658
7. Areas of overlap with related rights ....................................2658
8. Online issues ....................................
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