Traditions of War: Occupation, Resistance, and the Law

Traditions of War examines wars and military occupation, and the ideas underlying them. The search for these ideas is conducted in the domain of the laws of war, a body of rules which sought to regulate the practices of war and those permitted to fight in it. This work introduces three ideologies: the martial, Grotian, and republican. These traditions were rooted in incommensurable conceptions of the good life, and the overall argument is that these differences lay at the heart of the failure fully to resolve the distinction between lawful and unlawful combatants at successive diplomatic conferences of Brussels in 1874, the Hague in 1899 and 1907, and Geneva in 1949. Based on a wide range of sources and drawing on a plurality of intellectual disciplines, this book places these diplomatic failures in their broader social and political contexts, bringing out ideological continuities through an illustration of the social history of army occupation in Europe and resistance to it.

Introduction ; 1. The Modern Laws of War from 1874 to 1949 ; 2. Occupying Armies and Civilian Populations in Nineteenth-Century Europe ; 3. The Conceptualization of War and the Value of Political Traditions ; 4. High Priests of the Temple of Janus: The Martial Tradition of War ; 5. The Enigma of the Middle Way: Grotius and The Grotian Tradition of War ; 6. Hope and Heroic Action: Rousseau, Paoli, Kosciuszko, and the Republican Tradition of War ; Conclusion