The WTO Agreement on Safeguards: A Commentary

This book provides a thorough treatment of the legal, economic, and policy issues associated with safeguard measures in the WTO system. It includes a careful treatment of the history of safeguard measures under GATT, and the impetus for the Agreement on Safeguards during the Uruguay Round. It reviews the economic arguments for and against safeguard measures, including the modern political economy account of safeguards and "escape clauses" in international agreements. Subsequent chapters focus on the key legal issues associated with the use of safeguards, including the procedural requirements, the obligation to demonstrate unforeseen developments and increased imports, the concept of "serious injury," the puzzling causation test, and limitations on the scope of safeguard measures including non-discrimination principles. All of the safeguard decisions within the WTO dispute system are thoroughly dissected and analysed. Included as appendices are the relevant treaty text and the pertinent national legislation of the United States and European Union.

1. Introduction ; 2. The Evolution of Safeguard Measures in the WTO/GATT System: An Overview ; 3. Economic Policy Considerations ; 4. Preliminary Issues in WTO Safeguards Disputes: Burden of Proof, Standard of Review, and the "Record" on Appeal ; 5. Procedural Obligations in the Agreement on Safeguards ; 6. "Unforeseen Developments" and "The Effect of the Obligations Incurred" ; 7. The Requirement of Increased Imports ; 8. Serious Injury, Threat and Industry Definition ; 9. The Causation and "Non-Attribution" Requirements ; 10. Permissible Measures and Their Duration ; 11. Compensation, Retaliation and the Prohibition of Grey-Area Measures ; 12. Conclusion: The Central Issues Ahead