People of India : Karnataka : Volume XXVI (3 Parts-Set)

The Anthropological Survey of India launched the People of India Project on October 2, 1985 to generate an anthropological profile of all communities of India, the impact on them of change and the development process, and the links that bring them together. As part of this all-India project, the ethnographic survey of Karnataka (300) was taken up in collaboration with local scholars. The results of the survey were discussed at the workshops held in Mysore in May 1987 and later. The identity of Karnataka is derived from its ecology marked by high land and black soil. The earliest reference to Karnataka as a distinct territory goes back to the 5 century A.D. The identity of the Karnataka which was evolved through its history, is now defined inter alia by language, territory including four distinct regions, dress, cuisine, local forms of religion, elements of life cycle ceremonies and vibrant folk art and oral traditions. Migrations have occurred both from across the seas and by land from adjoining areas. The ecology explains the presence of the tribes, peasants, pastoralists, nomads, fisherfolk and others, adding up to 300 communities studied in the state. While Kannada is the dominant language and the marker of identity, there are as many as 25 other languages, mostly belonging to the Dravidian language family, such as Tulu and Kodagu, and to the languages of the Indo-Aryan family, spoken by small groups of immigrants. A high level of bilingualism is observed. The ethnographic traits that stand out at the state are heterogeneity in terms of social divisions, consanguineous forms of marriages, particularly FSD, MBD and uncle-niece marriages, junior sororate, relatively equal status of women in some groups. Matrilineal descent among a few communities, bride price in cash, child labour, extended family, non-vegetarianism, and a larger sharing and participation of its communities in one another’s festivals and festivities, and in maintaining traditional linkages and fostering modern linkages etc. A resource-rich and progressive state, Karnataka has been a pioneer in Panchayat Raj, watershed development, conservation of the environment, social justice and empowerment of women. Karnataka has been recognised as a middle income state which ranks seventh in terms of per capita income. It has a high level of literacy, a fair birth rate and declining infant mortality. However, it has a little above 37 per cent of its people living below the poverty line. Its economic progress in some areas goes with its rich culture, which has witnessed an efflorescence of literature and the recreation and readaptation of folk culture and oral traditions.

Contents: Part I: Introduction. The communities: 1. Adi Andhra. 2. Adi Andhra Christian. 3. Adi Dravida. 4. Adi Dravida Christian. 5. Adi Karnataka. 6. Adi Karnataka Christian. 7. Adiya. 8. Agasa. 9. Ager. 10. Ambiga. 11. Amma Kodava. 12. Andhras/Telugus. 13. Anglo-Indian. 14. Aradhya. 15. Asadaru. 16. Ayri. 17. Baandhi. 18. Bagga. 19. Bagwan. 20. Bail Kammara. 21. Bail Pattar. 22. Baira. 23. Bairagi. 24. Bakad. 25. Bakadra. 26. Bakuda. 27. Balasanthosha. 28. Balija. 29. Banajiga Christian. 30. Bandi. 31. Baniya. 32. Bathada. 33. Beda Jangam/Budaga Jangam. 34. Bellara. 35. Besta. 36. Bhisti. 37. Bhovi. 38. Billava. 39. Bogar. 40. Brahman Christian. 41. Budbudki. 42. Bunde Besta. 43. Bunt. 44. Byagara. 45. Byari. 46. Chalvadi. 47. Chapparbanda. 48. Chaptegara. 49. Charodi. 50. Christian Charodi. 51. Daivagnya Brahman. 52. Dakhani Sikh. 53. Dakkaliga. 54. Dandiga Dasar/Chenna Dasar. 55. Darzi. 56. Dasri. 57. Deshabhandari. 58. Devadiga. 59. Devali. 60. Devanga. 61. Christian Devanga. 62. Dhangar. 63. Dhobi Muslim. 64. Dhor Kakkayya. 65. Dombara. 66. Dombidasa. 67. Durgamurga.

Part II: 1. Fakir. 2. Gabit. 3. Galada Konkani. 4. Ganiga. 5. Gantichore. 6. Gatti. 7. Gauli. 8. Ghadi. 9. Giddidki. 10. Godda. 11. Golla. 12. Golla Christian. 13. Gond. 14. Gondaliga. 15. Goniga. 16. Gosavi. 17. Gowdalu. 18. Gowdi Christian. 19. Gudikara. 20. Gujar. 21. Gurkha. 22. Gurov. 23. Hajjam (Muslim). 24. Hakkipikki. 25. Halleer. 26. Hanbar. 27. Handi Jogi. 28. Haranshikari. 29. Harikantra. 30. Hasala. 31. Heggade. 32. Helava. 33. Hindu Sadaru. 34. Holeya. 35. Holeya Dasari. 36. Hulasvar. 37. Idiga. 38. Irani. 39. Iruliga. 40. Jain. 41. Jatigar. 42. Javeri. 43. Jenu Kuruba. 44. Jetty. 45. Jingar. 46. Jogi. 47. Kabbaliga. 48. Kadu (Betta) Kuruba. 49. Kalal. 50. Kamma. 51. Kaniyar. 52. Kapala. 53. Karkarmunde. 54. Kasai. 55. Katabu. 56. Kembatti. 57. Khakar. 58. Kharvi. 59. Kodava. 60. Kolari. 61. Koli Dhor. 62. Kolla. 63. Komarapanta. 64. Koosa. 65. Koraga. 66. Korama. 67. Korava. 68. Kotegar-Metri. 69. Kottari. 70. Koyava. 71. Kudiya. 72. Kudubi. 73. Kulal. 74. Kumbara. 75. Kunbi (Kunabi). 76. Kunchi Korava. 77. Kanjarbhat. 78. Kuravan. 79. Kuruba. 80. Christian Kuruba. 81. Labbe. 82. Ladar. 83. Lamani/Lambani. 84. The Lingayat. 85. Lingayat Agasa. 86. Lingayat Badigar. 87. Lingayat Banagar. 88. Lingayat Banajiga. 89. Lingayat Ganiga. 90. Lingayat Hadapada. 91. Lingayat Hugar. 92. Lingayat Jangama. 93. Lingayat Kammara. 94. Lingayat Kudu Vokkaliga. 95. Lingayat Kumbara. 96. Lingayat Kuruhina Setty. 97. Lingayat Machegar. 98. Lingayat Nonaba. 99. Lingayat Panchamasali. 100. Raddi/Lingayat Raddi. 101. Lingayat Sadar. 102. Lingayat Shiva Simpi. 103. Lingayat Veerashaiva Hatgar. 104. Madhva Brahman. 105. Madiga. 106. Madiga Christian. 107. Mahar. 108. Mahar Christian. 109. Maila. 110. Mala. 111. Malaikudi. 112. Malava/Maleyan. 113. Malayali/Keralite. 114. Maleru. 115. Malkana Mehtar. 116. Mang. 117. Manser. 118. Mapilla (Kodava).119. Maratha. 120. Marathi. 121. Marati. 122. Meda. 123. Medar. 124. Mehdaviya. 125. Memon. 126. Modikara. 127. Mogaveera. 128. Moger. 129. Momin. 130. Moyan. 131. Mudaliar. 132. Mukri. 133. Mundala. 134. Myasa Beda.

Part III: 1. Nador. 2. Nagaratha. 3. Nairy. 4. Nalbanda. 5. Nalkadaya. 6. Namdhari. 7. Natua. 8. Navayat. 9. Nayaka. 10. Nayinda. 11. Neo-Buddhist. 12. Padarthi. 13. Padiyar. 14. Padmasali. 15. Padti. 16. Pale. 17. Pambada. 18. Panika. 19. Paravan. 20. Parivara Bunt. 21. Parsi. 22. Pathan. 23. Pattegar. 24. Pendar. 25. Pinjar. 26. Prathamasakha Brahman. 27. Protestant Christian of North Karnataka. 28. Punjabi. 29. Quraishi. 30. Rachawar. 31. Raghuvamshi Kshatriya. 32. Rajapuri. 33. Rajput. 34. Rama Kshatriya. 35. Raneyar. 36. Raval. 37. Raya Rawath. 38. Reddy Christian. 39. Samagara. 40. Sapalya. 41. Saraswat Brahman. 42. Satani. 43. Shaik. 44. Shia. 45. Siddi. 46. Sikkaligar. 47. Sillekyatha. 48. Smartha Brahmans. 49. Aruvellu Brahman. 50. Badaganadu Brahman. 51. Brihatcharanam Brahman. 52. Chitpawan Brahman. 53. Deshastha Smartha Brahman. 54. Havyak Brahman. 55. Hoysala Karnataka Brahman. 56. Kamme Brahman. 57. Kota Brahman. 58. Mugur (Halenadu) Karnataka Brahman. 59. Mulukunadu Brahman. 60. Nandavarika Brahman. 61. Sanketi Brahman. 62. Shivalli Brahman. 63. Sirinadu Brahman. 64. Sthanika Brahman. 65. Vadama Brahman. 66. Velanadu Brahman. 67. Soliga/Soligaru. 68. Sri Vaishnava Brahman. 69. Sudir. 70. Sudri Christian. 71. Sudugadu Siddha. 72. Sunni. 73. Swakula Sali. 74. Syed. 75. Tamilian. 76. Telaga. 77. Tewar. 78. Thammadi. 79. Tigala. 80. Thigala Christian. 81. Tulu Christian (Protestant). 82. Uppara. 83. Ursu. 84. Valmiki. 85. Veelyagara Kshatriya. 86. Vishwakarma. 87. Vodda Christian. 88. Vokkaliga. 89. Chelaru Vokkaliga. 90. Christian Vokkaliga. 91. Gangadikara Vokkaliga. 92. Gowda Vokkaliga. 93. Gram Vakkal (Vokkaliga). 94. Vokkaliga Halakki Vakkal. 95. Hallikar Vokkaliga. 96. Vokkaliga Kare Vokkal. 97. Kunchitiga Vokkaliga. 98. Morasu Vokkaliga. 99. Musuku Vokkaliga. 100. Namdhari Vokkaliga. 101. Nonaba Vokkaliga. 102. Vokkaliga Reddy. 103. Sarpa Vokkaliga. 104. Vysya. 105. Vysya Brahman. 106. Yerava.